Evergreen Equine Veterinary Practice
EMERGENCY CARE: Guidelines to Follow During Equine Emergencies
In an emergency, time is critical. Don’t be concerned with overreacting or annoying your veterinarian. By acting quickly and promptly, you can minimize the consequences of an injury or illness. Your horse’s health and well-being depend on it.
What is Normal?
There will be variations in individual temperature, pulse, and respiration values. Take several baseline measurements when the horse is healthy, rested, and relaxed. Write them down and keep them within easy reach, perhaps with your first aid kit, so you have them to compare to in case of an emergency. Normal ranges for adult horses are:
> Pulse rate:
30-42 beats per minute.
> Respiratory rate:
12-20 breaths per minute.
> Rectal temperature:
99.5 to 101.5 degrees F. If the horse’s temperature exceeds 102.5 degrees F, contact your veterinarian immediately. Temperatures over 103 degrees F indicate a serious disorder.
> Capillary refill time
(time it takes for color to return to gum tissue adjacent to teeth after pressing and releasing with your thumb): 2 seconds or less.
What To Look For
> Skin pliability is tested by pinching or folding a flap of neck skin and releasing it. It should immediately snap back into place. Failure to do so is evidence of dehydration.
> Color of the mucous membranes of the gums, nostrils, conjunctiva (inner eye tissue), and inner lips of the vulva should be pink. Bright red, pale pink to white or bluish-purple coloring may indicate problems.
> Color, consistency, and volume of feces and urine should be typical of that individual’s usual excretions. Straining or failure to excrete should be noted.
> Signs of distress, anxiety, or discomfort.
> Lethargy, depression, or a horse that’s “off-feed.”
> Presence or absence of gut sounds.
> Evidence of lameness such as head-bobbing, reluctance to move, odd stance, pain, unwillingness to rise.
> Bleeding, swelling, evidence of pain.
> Seizures, paralysis, or “tying up” (a form of muscle cramps that ranges in severity from mild stiffness to life-threatening illness).
When to Call Your Veterinarian
> There appears to be excessive bleeding.
> The entire skin thickness has been penetrated.
> The wound occurs near or over a joint.
> Any structures underlying the skin are visible.
> A puncture has occurred.
> A severe wound has occurred in the lower leg at or below knee or hock level.
> The wound is severely contaminated.
Emergency Wound Care
The sight of blood may unnerve you, but maintaining your presence of mind can save your horse’s life. The initial steps you take to treat a wound can prevent further damage and speed healing. How you proceed will depend on your individual circumstances, and you must exercise good judgment. The following should be viewed as guidelines:
Catch and calm the horse to prevent further injury. Move the horse to a stall or other familiar surroundings if this is possible without causing distress or further injury to the horse. Providing hay or grain can also be a good distraction.
Get help before attempting to treat or evaluate a wound. It can be difficult and very dangerous to try to inspect or clean the wound without someone to hold the horse. You cannot help your horse if you are seriously injured yourself.
Evaluate the location, depth, and severity of the wound. Call your veterinarian for a recommendation anytime you feel your horse is in need of emergency care.
Consult with your veterinarian regarding a recommendation before you attempt to clean the wound or remove debris or penetrating objects, as you may precipitate uncontrollable bleeding or do further damage to the wound. Large objects should be stabilized to avoid damaging movement if possible. Don’t put anything on the wound except a compress or cold water.
Stop the bleeding by covering the wound with a sterile, absorbent pad (not cotton), applying firm, steady, even pressure to the wound.
Do not medicate or tranquilize the horse unless specifically directed by your veterinarian. If the horse has suffered severe blood loss or shock, the administration of certain drugs can be life-threatening.
If the eye is injured, do not attempt to treat with eye ointment that may have been prescribed for a previous eye problem without first consulting your veterinarian.
If a horse steps on a nail or other sharp object and it remains embedded in the hoof, first clean the hoof. Consult with your veterinarian regarding a recommendation before you remove the nail. If your veterinarian advises, carefully remove the nail to prevent the horse from stepping on it and driving it deeper into the hoof cavity. As you remove it, be sure to mark the exact point and depth of entry with tape and/or a marker so the veterinarian can assess the extent of the damage. Apply antiseptic to the wound and wrap to prevent additional contamination.
Not all horses being treated for lacerations or puncture wounds will require a tetanus booster if the horse has been vaccinated within the last 6 months. Note: The booster is a tetanus toxoid and not to be confused with tetanus antitoxin.
Tips During an Emergency
Regardless of the type of emergency, it’s important to remember these points:
Keep the horse as calm as possible. Your own calm behavior will help achieve this.
Move the animal to a safe area where it is unlikely to be injured should it go down.
Get someone to help you and delegate responsibilities, such as calling the veterinarian, retrieving the first aid kit, holding the horse, etc.
Notify your veterinarian immediately. Be prepared to provide specific information about the horse’s condition as mentioned above and other data that will help your practitioner assess the immediacy of the danger and how to proceed.
Listen closely and follow your equine practitioner’s instructions.
Do not administer drugs — especially tranquilizers or sedatives — unless specifically instructed to do so by the veterinarian.
Signs of Distress
When a horse is cut or bleeding, it’s obvious that there is a problem. Other injuries and illnesses may not be as apparent. That’s why it’s important to know your horse’s normal vital signs and behavior patterns.
Have a Plan
The best time to think about an emergency is before it happens. Taking the time to evaluate your horse’s environment and removing potential hazards can prevent many accidents. Also, assess your management routines to make them safer. Make feed changes gradually to lessen the risk for colic. Mentally rehearse your emergency action plan. Preparation will help you stay calm in the event of a real emergency.
How To Be Prepared
No matter what emergency you may face in the future, mentally rehearse what steps you will take to avoid letting panic take control. Here are some guidelines to help you prepare:
Keep your veterinarian’s number by each phone, including how the practitioner can be reached after-hours. If you have a speed dial system, key it in, but also keep the number posted.
Consult with your regular veterinarian regarding a back up or referring veterinarian’s number in case you cannot reach your regular veterinarian quickly enough.
Keep your phone line open for the veterinarian to call you back after notifying him/her of your emergency.
Know in advance the most direct route to an equine referral or medical/surgical center in case you need to transport the horse.
Post the names and phone numbers of nearby friends and neighbors who can assist you in an emergency while you wait for the veterinarian.
In case of an emergency, if you do not have transportation for your horse, make arrangements well ahead of time and have phone numbers readily available.
Prepare a first aid kit and store it in a clean, dry, readily accessible place. Make sure that family members and other barn users know where the kit is.
Also keep a first aid kit in your horse trailer or towing vehicle and a pared-down version to carry on the trail.
Keep a copy of your horse’s medical, vaccination, deworming and allergy records in case of an emergency since these records may not be accessible “after hours.”
First Aid Kit
First aid kits can be simple or elaborate, but there are some essential items. Here is a shortlist to get yours started. (*Material that should be sterile.)
> Cotton roll *
> Contact bandage *
> Cling wrap *
> Gauze pads, assorted sizes *
> Gauze wrap *
> Adhesive wrap and adhesive tape
> Leg wraps
> Sharp scissors
> Hemostats
> Steel cup or container
> Thermometer (digital or glass)
> Surgical scrub and antiseptic solution
> Latex gloves
> Flashlight and spare batteries
> Permanent marker pen
> Pliers (to pull nails)
> 6″ diameter PVC tubing cut in half the long way (like a gutter) into lengths of 1-1 /2 to 2 feet (for emergency splinting).”